Genetic predisposition to obesity

Our genetic makeup can significantly impact our susceptibility to obesity. Although the link is not always obvious and other factors such as diet and physical exercise greatly influence the risk of obesity, genetic variations in various genes have been associated with a greater risk of obesity.

This information helps to define lifestyle, diet and exercise choices for better weight management.

The Mediterranean diet is a dietary pattern characterized by a high consumption of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, olive oil, fish, and a moderate consumption of red wine. It has been associated with various health benefits, including a reduced risk of obesity and related conditions. Studies have shown that individuals with APOA5 variants associated with higher obesity risk may benefit from adopting a Mediterranean diet. The APOA5 gene encodes a protein called Apolipoprotein A-V, which plays an important role in lipid metabolism, specifically in determining the levels of plasma triglycerides. Specific genetic variants in the APOA5 gene can lead to alterations in lipid metabolism. This can result in higher levels of triglycerides in the bloodstream, which is a known risk factor for obesity and related metabolic conditions. However, the adoption of a Mediterranean diet, with its emphasis on healthy eating habits, can be a valuable strategy for individuals with APOA5 variants associated with higher obesity risk.

There are several genes that can contribute to an individual's susceptibility to obesity. The FTO gene was the first gene found to be associated with obesity. FTO is an acronym for fat mass and obesity-associated. The exact function of the FTO protein is not fully understood, it seems to be involved in controlling body weight and energy balance. Individuals with certain FTO gene variants may have differences in appetite regulation and energy expenditure. Some research suggests that these genetic variants may lead to increased food intake and a preference for high-calorie foods, which can contribute to weight gain.

The MC4R gene is another gene associated with obesity, and it plays a significant role in regulating appetite and energy balance. This gene encodes a receptor responsible for sending a signal to the brain indicating that the individual is satiated and does not need to eat more. As a result, the appetite is suppressed, and the person stops eating. The MC4R gene has common genetic variations that can disrupt the receptor's normal function and cause appetite dysregulation, impacting an individual's susceptibility to obesity. Certain genetic variations in MC4R have been linked to an increased risk of obesity, and others have been associated with a lower risk.

The LEPR (Leptin Receptor) gene is an important component in controlling body weight. It encodes the receptor for the hormone leptin, which plays a key role in regulating appetite and body weight. This hormone is primarily produced and secreted by adipose (fat tissue). What happens is that when fat stores in the body increase, the levels of leptin in the bloodstream also increase. This leptin in the bloodstream is carried to the brain, where it binds to its receptor, the LEPR. The binding of leptin to LEPR sends a signal to the body saying that the body has sufficient energy reserves, promoting a feeling of fullness and reducing appetite. In addition, the binding of leptin to its receptor also promotes the expenditure of more calories through, for example, increased metabolism and heat production. The combined effect of promoting energy expenditure and the feeling of satiety helps maintain body weight within a certain range. When leptin signaling is disrupted due to genetic variants in LEPR, it can lead to increased appetite and reduced energy expenditure, potentially contributing to weight gain.